Onnowpurbo at 06:29, 7 January 2011

2011-01-07T06:29:28Z

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	==Technology==		==Technology==
	[[Image:~~MIMO~~ communications.~~svg~~\|thumbnail\|500px\|MIMO communications]]		[[Image:Mimo-communications.jpeg\|thumbnail\|500px\|MIMO communications]]
	===MIMO===		===MIMO===
	To achieve MIMO from a conventional SISO system, several technologies have been proposed.		To achieve MIMO from a conventional SISO system, several technologies have been proposed.

Onnowpurbo: New page: In radio, '''multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)''' is a set of advanced '''MIMO''', multiple-input and multiple-output (pronounced ''mee-moh'' or ''my-moh''), technologies that exploit the ...

2011-01-07T06:27:57Z

New page: In radio, '''multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)''' is a set of advanced '''MIMO''', multiple-input and multiple-output (pronounced ''mee-moh'' or ''my-moh''), technologies that exploit the ...

New page

In [[radio]], '''multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)''' is a set of advanced '''[[MIMO]]''', multiple-input and multiple-output (pronounced ''mee-moh'' or ''my-moh''), technologies that exploit the availability of multiple independent radio terminals in order to enhance the communication capabilities of each individual terminal. To contrast, single-user MIMO only considers access to the multiple antennas that are physically connected to each individual terminal. MU-MIMO can be seen as the extended concept of '''space-division multiple access (SDMA)''' which allows a terminal to transmit (or receive) signal to (or from) multiple users in the same band simultaneously. [[PU2RC]] is a fundamental and practical MU-MIMO technology for broadcast and multiple access [[wireless communications]].

Like the relationship between [[OFDM]] and [[OFDMA]], MU-MIMO (and, similarly, SDMA) can be thought of as an extension of MIMO applied in various ways as a multiple access strategy. A significant difference is that the performance of MU-MIMO relies on [[precoding]] capability than OFDMA so that if the transmitter does not use precoding, the performance advantage of MU-MIMO is not achievable.

Multiple access MIMO, MIMO-SDMA, many transmit antenna MIMO-SDMA, Cooperative MIMO, Network MIMO and Ad-hoc MIMO are all family terminologies within MU-MIMO, as each of those technologies leverages multiple users as a degree of freedom in achieving successful radio transmission.

==Technology==
[[Image:MIMO communications.svg|thumbnail|500px|MIMO communications]]
===MIMO===
To achieve MIMO from a conventional SISO system, several technologies have been proposed.

* [[Beamforming]] is known as antenna array signal processing, where every antenna element is separated from its nearest element by half of the transmit signal wavelength.
* [[Space–time code|Space-time coding/processing]] performs antenna diversity with multiple antennas at either transmitter or receiver side or both sides, where every antenna element is separated from its nearest element by around 4 to 10 times the wavelength to keep the signal through each multi-path independent. The distance between two adjacent antenna elements is relying on the angular spread of the beam signal.
* [[Multi-user_MIMO#Space-division_multiple_access_.28SDMA.29|SDMA]] is a common and typical multiple input multiple output scheme in cellular wireless systems. SDMA is often referred to as simply a MIMO system since the half port of a SDMA system also consists of ''multiple'' users. Although SDMA is indeed a MIMO technique, MIMO is not necessarily SDMA.
* [[Spatial multiplexing]] is performed by multiple antennas equipped at both a transmitter and a receiver front end.
* [[Cooperative wireless communications|Cooperation]] are known as network MIMO systems, distributed MIMO systems or virtual antenna array systems. Mobile devices use the partnered mobile devices' antennas, antenna arrays, or antenna elements as virtual antennas.
* Combinations of above techniques, etc.

===MIMO enhancement===
Enhancement techniques can be categorized into evolutionary and revolutionary approaches:
* Evolutionary approaches:
*# Use an existing techniques with enhanced PHY capabilities, perhaps a 16×16 array configuration, or
*# Use new MIMO algorithms such as precoding or multi-user scheduling at the transmitter.
* Revolutionary approaches: developing fundamentally new MIMO concepts. Examples of revolution approaches are cooperative and virtual antenna MIMO and intelligent spatial processing such as [[RADAR]] [[beamforming]].

(These are all floks)

Here, based on the literature, we summarize a number of advanced MIMO techniques that leverage multiple users:
* Cross-layer MIMO: Scheduling, etc.
* Advanced decoding MIMO: Multi-user detection such as MLD.
* [[Beamforming]] and [[SDMA]]: widely known multi-user MIMO scheme.
* Infrared/Non-infrared network optimization.
* Network MIMO (Net-MIMO).
* Cognitive MIMO based on intelligent techniques.
* [[Cooperative wireless communications|Cooperative/competitive MIMO]].
* [[Cooperation]]: [[Dirty paper coding|DPC]], Wyner-Ziv, etc.
* [[Competitive]]: [[Game theory]], autonomous packets, implicit MAC fairness, etc.

===MU-MIMO===
Multi-user MIMO can leverage multiple users as spatially distributed transmission resources, at the cost of somewhat more expensive signal processing. In comparison, conventional, or single-user [[Multiple-input multiple-output communications|MIMO]] considers only local device multiple antenna dimensions. Multi-user MIMO algorithms are developed to enhance MIMO systems when the number of users, or connections, numbers greater than one (admittedly, a useful concept). Multi-user MIMO can be generalized into two categories: MIMO broadcast channels (MIMO BC) and MIMO multiple access channels (MIMO MAC) for downlink and uplink situations, respectively. Single-user MIMO can be represented as point-to-point, pairwise MIMO.

To remove ambiguity of the words ''receiver'' and ''transmitter'', we can adopt the terms ''access point'' (AP; or, ''base station''), and ''user''. An AP is the transmitter and a user is the receiver for downlink environments, whereas an AP is the receiver and a user is the transmitter for uplink environments. Homogeneous networks are somewhat freed from this distinction.

===Space-division multiple access (SDMA) ===

Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) enables creating [http://www.imec.be/wireless/mimo/ ''parallel spatial pipes''] next to ''higher capacity pipes through spatial multiplexing and/or diversity,'' by which it is able to offer superior performance in radio multiple access communication systems. In traditional mobile [[cellular network]] systems, the [[base station]] has no information on the position of the mobile units within the cell and radiates the signal in all directions within the cell in order to provide radio coverage. This results in wasting power on transmissions when there are no mobile units to reach, in addition to causing [[Co-channel interference|interference]] for adjacent cells using the same frequency, so called [[co-channel]] cells. Likewise, in reception, the [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] receives signals coming from all directions including noise and interference signals. By using [[smart antenna]] technology and by leveraging the spatial location of mobile units within the cell, space-division multiple access techniques offer attractive performance enhancements. The [[radiation pattern]] of the base station, both in transmission and reception, is adapted to each user to obtain highest gain in the direction of that user. This is often done using [[phased array]] techniques.

In GSM cellular networks, the base station is aware of the mobile phone's position by use of a technique called Timing Advance (TA). The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) can determine how distant the Mobile Station (MS) is by interpreting the reported TA. This information, along with other parameters, can then be used to power down the BTS or MS, if a power control feature is implemented in the network. The power control in either BTS or MS is implemented in most modern networks, especially on the MS, as this ensures a better battery life for the MS and thus a better user experience (in that the need to charge the battery becomes less frequent). This is why it may actually be safer to have a BTS close to you as your MS will be powered down as much as possible. For example, there is more power being transmitted from the MS than what you would receive from the BTS even if you are 6 m away from a mast. However, this estimation might not consider all the MS's that a particular BTS is supporting with EM radiation at any given time.

===Many antennas===

Many Antennas is a smart antenna technique, which overcomes the performance limitation of single user MIMO techniques. In cellular communications, the number of the maximum considered antennas for downlink is 2 and 4 to support LTE and IMT-A requirements, respectively. Since the available spectrum band will probably limited while the requirement of data rate will continuously increase in beyond IMT-A to support the mobile multimedia services, it is highly probable that the number of transmit antennas at the base station must be increased up to 8 ~ 64 or more. The installation of many antennas at single base stations can have many challenges so it requires to develop several high technologies: new SDMA, new beamforming algorithm and new antenna array.
New SDMA: MU-MIMO, Network MIMO (COMP), Remote radio equipments
New beamforming: linear beamforming such as MF, ZF and MMSE and nonlinear beamforming such as THP, VP, and DPC
New antenna array: direct, remote and wireless antenna array
Direct antenna array: linear and 3d phased array, new structure array, and dynamic antenna array
Remote and wireless antenna array: distributed antenna array and cooperative beamforming

==The first and last Hop: to and from one multi-antenna user and multiple partnered users==
===MIMO broadcast (MIMO BC)===
[[Image:Multiuser mimo.jpg|thumb|400px|Multiuser MIMO System: MIMO BC case]]
'''MIMO broadcast''' represents a MIMO downlink case in a single sender to multiple receiver wireless network. Examples of advanced transmit processing for MIMO BC are interference aware [[precoding]] and SDMA-based downlink user scheduling. For advanced transmit processing, the transmitter has to know the [[channel state information]] at the transmitter (CSIT). That is, knowledge of CSIT allows throughput improvement, and methods to obtain CSIT become of significant importance. MIMO BC systems have an outstanding advantage over point-to-point MIMO systems, especially when the number of transmit antennas at the transmitter, or AP, is larger than the number of receiver antennas at each receiver (user).
* Capacity approaching schemes: DPC precoding
* Near capacity: zero-forcing beamforming

===MIMO MAC===
Conversely, '''MIMO MAC''' represents a MIMO uplink case in the multiple sender to single receiver wireless network. Examples of advanced receive processing for MIMO MAC are joint interference cancellation and SDMA-based uplink user scheduling. For advanced receive processing, the receiver has to know the [[channel state information]] at the receiver (CSIR). Knowing CSIR is generally easier than knowing CSIT. However, to know CSIT costs a lot of uplink resources to transmit dedicated pilots from each user to the AP. MIMO MAC systems outperforms point-to-point MIMO systems especially when the number of receiver antennas at an AP is larger than the number of transmit antennas at each user.

===Cross-layer MIMO===
'''Cross-layer MIMO''' enhances the performance of MIMO links by solving certain cross-layer problems that may occur when MIMO configurations are employed in a system. Cross-layer techniques can be used to enhance the performance of SISO links as well. Examples of cross-layer techniques are Joint Source-Channel Coding, Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC, or "Link Adaptation"), Hybrid ARQ (HARQ), and user scheduling.

==Multi-user to multi-user==
The highly interconnected wireless ad-hoc network increases the flexibility of wireless networking at the cost of increased multi-user interference. To improve the interference immunity, PHY/MAC-layer protocols have evolved from competition based to cooperative based transmission and reception. '''Cooperative wireless communications''' can actually exploit interference, which includes self-interference and other user interference. In cooperative wireless communications, each node might use self-interference and other user interference to improve the performance of data encoding and decoding, whereas conventional nodes are generally directed to avoid the interference. For example, once strong interference is decodable, a node decodes and cancels the strong interference before decoding the self-signal. The mitigation of low Carrier over Interference (CoI) ratios can be implemented across PHY/MAC/Application network layers in cooperative systems.

* Cooperative multiple antenna research — Apply [[multiple antenna research|multiple antenna technologies]] in situations with antennas distributed among neighboring wireless terminals.
** [[Cooperative diversity]] — Achieve [[antenna diversity]] gain by the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each independent node.
** Cooperative MIMO — Achieve [[Multiple-input multiple-output communications|MIMO]] advantages, including the spatial multiplexing gain, using the transmit or receiver cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to many different nodes.
* Cooperative relay — Apply cooperative concepts onto relay techniques, which is similar to cooperative diversity in terms of cooperative signalling. However, the main criterion of cooperative relay is to improve the tradeoff region between delay and performance, while that of cooperative diversity and MIMO is to improve the link and system performance at the expense of minimal cooperation loss.

* Relaying techniques for cooperation
** Store-and-forward (S&F), Amplify-and-forward (A&F), Decode-and-forward (D&F), Coded cooperation, Spatial coded cooperation, Compress-and-forward (C&F),Non-orthogonal methods

=== Cooperative [[MIMO]] (CO-MIMO) ===
'''CO-MIMO,''' also known as '''Network MIMO''' ('''Net-MIMO'''), or '''Ad-hoc MIMO''', utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other users, while conventional MIMO, i.e., single-user MIMO, only employs antennas belonging to the local terminal. CO-MIMO improves the performance of a wireless network by introducing multiple antenna advantages, such as diversity, multiplexing and beamforming. If the main interest hinges on the diversity gain, it is known as [[cooperative diversity]]. It can be described as a form of [[macro-diversity]], used for example in [[soft handover]]. Cooperative MISO corresponds to [[transmitter macro-diversity]] or [[simulcasting]]. A simple form that does not require any advanced signal processing is [[single frequency network]]s (SFN), used especially in wireless broadcasing. SFNs combined with channel adaptive or traffic adaptive scheduling is called [[dynamic single frequency networks]] (DSFN).

CO-MIMO is a technique useful for future cellular networks which consider [[wireless mesh networking]] or wireless ad-hoc networking. In wireless [[wireless ad-hoc network|ad-hoc network]]s, multiple transmit nodes communicate with multiple receive nodes. To optimize the capacity of Ad-hoc channels, MIMO concepts and techniques can be applied to multiple links between the transmit and receive node clusters. Contrasted to multiple antennas in a single-user MIMO transceiver, participating nodes and their antennas are located in a distributed manner. So, to achieve the capacity of this network, techniques to manage distributed radio resources are essential. Strategies such as [[Cognitive radio|autonomous interference cognition]], node cooperation, and network coding with dirty paper coding (DPC) have been suggested as solutions to optimize wireless network capacity.

Of analogical interest here may be the comparison between the evolution of computing cores and mobile antennas. To wit, a single high performance core is the first generation of CPU core evolution, progressing to a few cores, and then to [[Manycore processing unit|many cores]] in a centralized fashion as the second step -- the recent environment. It is anticipated that it will be common for cooperative work to proceed from multiple cores owned by different users, made available to the individual user in return for help with others' information processing. Such catchphrases include [[ambient intelligence]], [[ubiquitous computing|wireless ubiquitous computing]], and the [[semantic web]].

==See also==
===Related technologies===
* [[Multiple-input multiple-output communications]]
* [[Precoding]]
* [[Spatial multiplexing]]
* [[PU2RC|PU<sup>2</sup>RC]]
* [[Mobile ad-hoc network]]
* [[Mesh network]]
* [[Wireless ad-hoc network]]
* [[Distributed Antenna System]]
* [[RADAR]]

===Wireless standards===
* [http://www.intel.com/netcomms/technologies/wimax/304471.pdf Intel, Understanding Wi-Fi and WiMAX as Metro-Access Solutions] - Link Broken
* [http://www.wimax360.com/ WiMAX360 web page]

===Background theories===
* [[Cooperation]]
* [[Prisoner's dilemma]]
* [[Game theory]]

==External links==
* D. Gesbert, M. Kountouris, R. W. Heath, Jr., C.-B. Chae, and T. Salzer, [http://www.eurecom.fr/%7Egesbert/papers/TutorialMUMIMOv3.pdf Shifting the MIMO Paradigm: From Single User to Multiuser Communications], IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 36-46, Oct., 2007
* N. Jindal, [http://www.ece.umn.edu/~nihar/papers/mimo_bc_finite_fb.pdf MIMO Broadcast Channels with Finite Rate Feedback], IEEE Trans. Information Theory, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 5045-5059, Nov. 2006.
* C. B. Chae, D. Mazzarese, N. Jindal, and R. W. Heath, Jr., [http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~rheath/papers/2007/JSAC2/paper.pdf Coordinated Beamforming with Limited Feedback in the MIMO Broadcast Channel], IEEE Jour. on Selected Topics in Comm., 2008.
* P. Herhold, E. Zimmermann and G. Fettweis, [http://www.vodafone-chair.com/publications/2004/Herhold_P_ITG_04.pdf On the Performance of Cooperative Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks.], 5th International ITG Conference on Source and Channel Coding (SCC), Erlangen, Germany, January 2004
* E. Zimmermann, P. Herhold and G. Fettweis, [http://www.vodafone-chair.com/publications/2005/Zimmermann_E_ETT_05.pdf On the Performance of Cooperative Relaying Protocols in Wireless Networks.], (Preprint version of the Journal article) European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT), Volume 16, Issue 1 (January-February 2005), pages 17-35.
* S. Shattil, [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220080075033%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080075033&RS=DN/20080075033 Cooperative Beamforming in Wireless Networks], U.S. Patent Appl. 11/187107, filed July 22, 2005.
* [http://humancommunications.wikia.com/wiki/MIMO/SDMA_and_Beyond MIMO/SDMA and Beyond]
* [http://www.mprg.org/people/gametheory/publications.shtml Game Theory Research Group]
* [http://www.mprg.org/people/gametheory/files/qualifying_presentation_Srivastava.ppt Using Game Theory to Analyze Wireless Ad Hoc networks]

[[Category:Information theory]]
[[Category:radio resource management]]

[[it:Space Division Multiplexing]]

Multi-user MIMO - Revision history

Onnowpurbo at 06:29, 7 January 2011

Onnowpurbo: New page: In radio, '''multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)''' is a set of advanced '''MIMO''', multiple-input and multiple-output (pronounced ''mee-moh'' or ''my-moh''), technologies that exploit the ...