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==Overview==
==Overview==


OpenSSL adalah perpustakaan open-source gratis yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk sertifikat digital. Salah satu hal yang dapat Anda lakukan adalah membangun CA Anda sendiri (Certificate Authority).


Selain situs web dan HTTPS, ada beberapa aplikasi / layanan lain yang bisa menggunakan sertifikat digital. Sebagai contoh:


OpenSSL is a free, open-source library that you can use for digital certificates. One of the things you can do is build your own CA (Certificate Authority).
* VPNs: di samping menggunakan kunci pra-berbagi anda dapat menggunakan sertifikat digital untuk otentikasi.
* Wireless: WPA 2 enterprise menggunakan sertifikat digital untuk otentikasi klien dan / atau otentikasi server menggunakan PEAP atau EAP-TLS.


A CA is an entity that signs digital certificates. An example of a well-known CA is Verisign. Many websites on the Internet use certificates for their HTTPS connections that were signed by Verisign.
Daripada membayar perusahaan seperti Verisign untuk semua sertifikat digital Anda. Ini bisa berguna untuk membangun CA Anda sendiri untuk beberapa aplikasi anda. Dalam pelajaran ini, Anda akan belajar bagaimana membuat CA anda sendiri.


Besides websites and HTTPS, there are some other applications/services that can use digital certificates. For example:
==Prerequisites==


    VPNs: instead of using a pre-shared key you can use digital certificates for authentication.
Sebelum mengkonfigurasi OpenSSL, kita perlu mengkonfigurasi secara benar,
    Wireless: WPA 2 enterprise uses digital certificates for client authentication and/or server authentication using PEAP or EAP-TLS.


Instead of paying companies like Verisign for all your digital certificates. It can be useful to build your own CA for some of your applications. In this lesson, you will learn how to create your own CA.
* hostname
Configuration
* FQDN secara
* waktu (time)
* tanggal (date)
* timezone adalah benar.


In my examples, I will use a Ubuntu server, the configuration of openSSL will be similar though on other distributions like CentOS.
===hostname & FQDN===


Cek hostname


Prerequisites
hostname


Before we configure OpenSSL, I like to configure the hostname/FQDN correctly and make sure that our time, date and timezone is correct.
Contoh Output:


Let’s take a look at the hostname:
refserver


vmware@ca:~$ hostname
Cek FQDN:
ca


My hostname is “ca”. Let’s check the FQDN:
hostname -f


vmware@ca:~$ hostname -f
Contoh Output yang perlu di benarkan
ca


It’s also “ca”. Let’s change the FQDN; you need to edit the following file for this:
refserver


$ sudo vim /etc/hosts
Perbaiki FQDN


Change the following line:
vi /etc/hosts


127.0.1.1      ca
Tambahkan pada kalimat, misalnya,


To:
192.168.0.100  refserver


127.0.1.1      ca.networklessons.local ca
Menjadi


Let’s verify the hostname and FQDN again:
192.168.0.100  refserver refserver.onnocenter.or.id


vmware@ca:~$ hostname
Restart mesin
ca


  vmware@ca:~$ hostname -f
  shutdown -r now
ca.networklessons.local


Our hostname and FQDN is now looking good.
Verifikasi hostname & FQDN lagi


We could configure the time/date manually, but it might be a better idea to use NTP. You can synchronize the time/date with this command:
hostname


$ sudo ntpdate pool.ntp.org
Output:
29 Mar 19:46:44 ntpdate[16478]: adjust time server 149.210.205.44 offset 0.062135 sec


But it might be a better idea to synchronize periodically. Let’s install the NTP tools:
refserver


$ sudo apt-get install ntp
Cek FQDN


Your Ubuntu server will use the following NTP server pools by default:
hostname -f


$ cat /etc/ntp.conf | grep server
Output:
# Specify one or more NTP servers.
# Use servers from the NTP Pool Project. Approved by Ubuntu Technical Board
server 0.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
server 1.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
server 2.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
server 3.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org


You can verify which servers it is currently using with the following command:
refserver.onnocenter.or.id
 
===time===
 
Instalasi
 
sudo locale-gen id_ID.UTF-8
apt install ntpdate
 
Sinkronkan waktu
 
ntpdate id.pool.ntp.org
 
Sinkronkan waktu secara periodik
 
apt install ntp
 
Secara default Ubuntu server akan menggunakan NTP server pool berikut
 
cat /etc/ntp.conf | grep ubuntu
 
pool 0.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 1.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 2.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 3.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool ntp.ubuntu.com
 
Kita dapat memverifikasi server mana yang saat ini digunakan menggunakan perintah,
 
ntpq -p


$ ntpq -p
       remote          refid      st t when poll reach  delay  offset  jitter
       remote          refid      st t when poll reach  delay  offset  jitter
  ==============================================================================
  ==============================================================================
   notax.pointpro. 193.79.237.14   2 u  14   64    3  13.607   16.002 31.631
   0.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.         16 p    -  64    0    0.000    0.000  0.000
   ntp.luna.nl    193.67.79.202    2 u  12   64    3  11.728   13.030 32.101
  1.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -  64    0    0.000   0.000  0.000
  ntp1.edutel.nl 80.94.65.10      2 u  11   64    3  16.193   12.460 31.346
  2.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -  64    0    0.000    0.000  0.000
   dsl-083-247-002 193.67.79.202   2 u   9   64    3  13.893   11.284 32.550
  3.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -  64    0    0.000    0.000  0.000
   juniperberry.ca 193.79.237.14    2 u    9   64    3  20.803   11.177 31.101
  ntp.ubuntu.com  .POOL.          16 p    -  64    0    0.000    0.000  0.000
#ntp.uii.net.id  103.1.106.69    2 u  21   64    3  13.424   -0.628  1.944
  #mirror2.wowrack 118.143.17.82    2 u  18   64    3    3.371  -33.589  1.009
+182.253.66.202 103.31.225.225  3 u  17  64   3  17.023  -3.330  1.233
-resolv1.axarva. 203.160.128.66  2 u  18   64    3   3.756  -4.204   1.294
+182.253.66.203  203.89.31.13    3 u   13   64    3  18.064  -4.059  1.210
  -119.82.243.189 118.143.17.82    2 u  18   64    3  16.169   -2.724  1.366
  +203.114.224.31 203.114.224.252  3 u  17  64    3  16.154  -3.313  0.817
#203.114.225.252 203.160.128.66  2 u  16  64    3  15.646   -4.964  1.326
-ns5.datautama.n 203.160.128.66  2 u  16  64    3  16.146  -2.133  1.266
-202.65.114.202 203.160.128.66  2 u   14   64    3  11.969  -0.768   0.573
  -45.114.118.90   103.20.91.62    3 u  14   64    3   4.283  -3.204  1.246
*ns1.matrixgloba 203.123.48.219  2 u   15  64    3   3.266  -2.688  0.788
+suro.ubaya.ac.i 203.160.128.66  2 u  14   64    3  17.985  -4.148   1.142
  #golem.canonical 17.253.34.125    2 u  18  64    3  272.523  26.441  1.351


Our server is now configured correctly.


OpenSSL Configuration
==Konfigurasi OpenSSL==


OpenSSL uses a configuration file that is easy to read. There are a couple of things that we will change in it:
Edit konfigurasi OpenSSL,


  # vim /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
  vi /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf


Look for the following section:
Carilah bagian berikut ini:


  [ CA_default ]
  [ CA_default ]
  dir = ./demoCA
  dir = ./demoCA


And change it, so it looks like this:
Ubah, menjadi


  [ CA_default ]                                                                                
  [ CA_default ]                                                                                
                                                                                               
  dir            = /root/ca
  dir            = /root/ca


The “/root/ca” folder is where we will store our private keys and certificates.
Folder "/root/ca" menjadi tempat menyimpan kunci pribadi dan sertifikat dari CA yang kita buat.


You might also want to take a look at the default policy:
Bagian [policy_match]


  [ policy_match ]
  [ policy_match ]
  countryName = match
  countryName             = match
  stateOrProvinceName = match
  stateOrProvinceName     = match
  organizationName = match
  organizationName       = match
  organizationalUnitName = optional
  organizationalUnitName = optional
  commonName = supplied
  commonName             = supplied
  emailAddress = optional
  emailAddress           = optional


Some fields like country, state/province, and organization have to match. If you are building your CA for a lab environment like I am then you might want to change some of these values:
Untuk lingkungan percobaan isa dibuat lebih relax, menjadi misalnya,


  [ policy_match ]
  [ policy_match ]
  countryName            = match
  countryName            = match
  stateOrProvinceName    = optional
  stateOrProvinceName    = '''optional'''
  organizationName        = optional
  organizationName        = '''optional'''
  organizationalUnitName  = optional
  organizationalUnitName  = optional
  commonName              = supplied
  commonName              = supplied
  emailAddress            = optional
  emailAddress            = optional


I’ve changed it so that only the country name has to match.
Hanya nama negara saja yang harus cocok
 
Root CA
 
The first thing we have to do is to create a root CA. This consists of a private key and root certificate. These two items are the “identity” of our CA.
 
Let’s switch to the root user:
 
$ sudo su
 
We will create a new folder which stores all keys and certificates:


# mkdir /root/ca
==Root CA==


In this new folder we have to create some additional sub-folders:
Membuat private key & root CA certificate. Ini adalah identitas CA.


# cd /root/ca
Lakukan,
# mkdir newcerts certs crl private requests


We also require two files. The first one is called “index.txt”. This is where OpenSSL keeps track of all signed certificates:
sudo su
mkdir -p /root/ca
cd /root/ca
mkdir -p newcerts certs crl private requests
touch index.txt
echo '1234' > serial


# touch index.txt
CA pertama yang akan di tanda tangan adalah no '1234'.


The second file is called “serial”. Each signed certificate will have a serial number. I will start with number 1234:
===Buat private key===


  # echo '1234' > serial
  cd /root/ca
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/cakey.pem 4096


All folders and files are in place. Let’s generate the root private key:
Output:


# openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/cakey.pem 4096
  Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
  Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
  ..++
  ..++
Line 165: Line 193:
  Verifying - Enter pass phrase for private/cakey.pem:
  Verifying - Enter pass phrase for private/cakey.pem:


The root private key that I generated is 4096 bit and uses AES 256 bit encryption. It is stored in the private folder using the “cakey.pem” filename.
Masukan password & INGAT! Jangan sampai LUPA! untuk belajar, pakai password 123456 saja.
Anyone that has the root private key will be able to create trusted certificates. Keep this file secure!
 
Private key adalah 4096 bit dengan enkripsi AES 256 bit, di simpan dalam folder /root/ca/private dengan nama "cakey.pem". Jangan sampai hilang, jangan sampai pindah tangan. Simpan file ini dengan aman, selamanya!
 
===Buat CA Certificate===
 
openssl req -new -x509 -key /root/ca/private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650 -set_serial 0


We can now use the root private key to create the root certificate:
Output:


# openssl req -new -x509 -key /root/ca/private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650 -set_serial 0
  Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
  Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
  You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
  You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
Line 179: Line 211:
  If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
  If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
  -----
  -----
  Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
  Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:'''ID'''
  State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:North-Brabant
  State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:'''DKI'''
  Locality Name (eg, city) []:Tilburg
  Locality Name (eg, city) []:'''Jakarta'''
  Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Networklessons
  Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:'''XecureIT'''
  Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
  Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:'''RND'''
  Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:CA.networklessons.local
  Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:'''refserver.onnocenter.or.id'''
  Email Address []:admin@networklessons.local
  Email Address []:'''onno@indo.net.id'''
 
Root CA Certificate akan di simpan di /root/ca dengan nama "cacert.pem" dan berlaku selama 10 tahun.


The root certificate will be saved as the “cacert.pem” filename and is valid for 10 years.
Root CA Certificate di sebarkan di Internet, untuk di Import ke Preference Broweser (Firefox dll), agar browser mempercayai certificate yang dibuat oleh RootCA kita.


Create a certificate
==Membuat Certificate==


Our root CA is now up and running. Normally when you want to install a certificate on a device (a web server for example), then the device will generate a CSR (Certificate Signing Request). This CSR is created by using the private key of the device.
Root CA kita sekarang sudah bisa aktif dan bisa operasional.


On our CA, we can then sign the CSR and create a digital certificate for the device.
Skenario NORMAL:
* Semua situs web / perangkat yang membutuhkan certificate (untuk https dll), bisa membuat CSR (Certificate Signing Request).
* CSR ini dibuat oleh perangkat, di tanda tangan menggunakan private key perangkat.
* CA akan menanda tangani CSR, dan membuat certificate digital untuk web / perangkat tersebut.


Another option is that we can do everything on our CA. We can generate a private key, CSR and then sign the certificate…everything “on behalf” of the device.


That’s what I am going to do in this example; it’s a good way to test if your CA is working as expected.
Alternatif lain (untuk ujicoba saja),
* CA dapat mengatas namakan perangkat / web tersebut.
* CA membuatkan private key untuk perangkat / web tersebut.
* CA membuatkan CSR untuk perangkat / web tersebut.
* CA akan menanda tangai CSR untuk perangkat tersebut.
* CA akan memberikan private key dan certificate digital ke perangkat.


I’ll generate a private key, CSR and certificate for an imaginary “web server”.
Untuk ujicoba bisa menggunakan alternatif ke dua yang tidak pusing. Lakukan berikut ini,


Let’s use the requests folder for this:
Membuat private key testserver


  # cd /root/ca/requests/
  cd /root/ca/requests/
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out testserverkey.pem 2048


First, we have to generate a private key:
Output:


# openssl genrsa -aes256 -out some_serverkey.pem 2048
  Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
  Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
  ..............................+++
  .+++
....+++
..................................................+++
  e is 65537 (0x10001)
  e is 65537 (0x10001)
  Enter pass phrase for some_server.pem:
  Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:
  Verifying - Enter pass phrase for some_server.pem:
  Verifying - Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:


The private key will be 2048 bit and uses AES 256 bit encryption. With the private key, we can create a CSR:
Untuk belajar, password 123456 saja.
Private key-nya adalah 2048 bit dan menggunakan enkripsi AES 256 bit. File "testserverkey.pem"


  root@ca:~/ca/requests# openssl req -new -key some_serverkey.pem -out some_server.csr
Membuat CSR testserver
  Enter pass phrase for some_serverkey.pem:
 
  cd /root/ca/requests
openssl req -new -key testserverkey.pem -out testserver.csr
 
Output:
 
  Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:
  You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
  You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
  into your certificate request.
  into your certificate request.
Line 226: Line 274:
  If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
  If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
  -----
  -----
  Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
  Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:'''ID'''
  State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:North-Brabant
  State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:'''JABAR'''
  Locality Name (eg, city) []:Tilburg
  Locality Name (eg, city) []:'''Bandung'''
  Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Networklessons
  Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:'''OnnoCenter'''
  Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
  Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:'''RND'''
  Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:some_server.networklessons.local
  Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:'''korban.com'''
  Email Address []:admin@networklessons.local
  Email Address []:'''onno@korban.com'''
   
   
  Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
  Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
  to be sent with your certificate request
  to be sent with your certificate request
  A challenge password []:
  A challenge password []:'''123456'''
  An optional company name []:
  An optional company name []:'''korban.com'''


Now we can sign the CSR that we just created:


  # openssl ca -in some_server.csr -out some_server.pem  
Tanda tangani CSR request tersebut,
 
cd /root/ca/requests
  openssl ca -in testserver.csr -out testserver.pem
 
Output:
 
  Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
  Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
  Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
  Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
Line 249: Line 302:
         Serial Number: 4660 (0x1234)
         Serial Number: 4660 (0x1234)
         Validity
         Validity
             Not Before: Apr  1 09:08:59 2016 GMT
             Not Before: Jun 15 23:30:08 2017 GMT
             Not After : Apr  1 09:08:59 2017 GMT
             Not After : Jun 15 23:30:08 2018 GMT
         Subject:
         Subject:
             countryName              = NL
             countryName              = ID
             stateOrProvinceName      = North-Brabant
             stateOrProvinceName      = JABAR
             organizationName          = Networklessons
             organizationName          = OnnoCenter
             commonName                = some_server.networklessons.local
            organizationalUnitName    = RND
             emailAddress              = admin@networklessons.local
             commonName                = korban.com
             emailAddress              = onno@korban.com
         X509v3 extensions:
         X509v3 extensions:
             X509v3 Basic Constraints:  
             X509v3 Basic Constraints:  
Line 263: Line 317:
                 OpenSSL Generated Certificate
                 OpenSSL Generated Certificate
             X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:  
             X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:  
                 57:A7:7A:41:3E:3F:B3:EE:0D:CF:46:D0:A7:A5:9B:46:92:D1:F0:AD
                 A5:A9:35:D3:C5:0E:DF:9B:2A:3B:91:B4:0C:73:AD:49:AF:DB:26:66
             X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:  
             X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:  
                 keyid:1B:38:B6:9F:82:46:72:5A:04:07:76:C2:DA:A5:5D:EB:95:83:81:30
                 keyid:8F:31:0F:72:8D:92:5B:6B:21:17:2A:CD:A2:15:1A:A0:D4:CB:E5:65
   
   
  Certificate is to be certified until Apr  1 09:08:59 2017 GMT (365 days)
  Certificate is to be certified until Jun 15 23:30:08 2018 GMT (365 days)
  Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
  Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
 
   
   
  1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
  1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Line 275: Line 328:
  Data Base Updated
  Data Base Updated


That’s all there is to it. The “some_server.pem” file is the signed digital certificate for our web server. If you want you can delete the CSR, move the private key to the “private” folder, and move the new certificate to the “certs” folder:


  # rm some_server.csr
Selesai, sekarang pindahkan file,
  # mv some_serverkey.pem /root/ca/private/
 
  # mv some_server.pem /root/ca/certs/
cd /root/ca/request
  rm testserver.csr
  mv testserverkey.pem /root/ca/private/
  mv testserver.pem /root/ca/certs/


The “some_server.pem” certificate can now be installed on your web server.
Certificate "testserver.pem" dan private key "testserverkey.pem" bsa di instalasi di web server anda.


Security
==Security==


Protecting your CA is important. Anyone that has access to the private key of the CA will be able to create trusted certificates.
Melindungi CA anda penting. Siapa pun yang memiliki akses ke kunci pribadi CA akan dapat membuat sertifikat yang bisa dipercaya.


One of the things you should do is reducing the permissions on the entire /root/ca folder so that only our root user can access it:
Ubah permission,


  # chmod -R 600 /root/ca
  # chmod -R 600 /root/ca


In this example, we used the root CA to sign the certificate of an imaginary web server directly. This is fine for a lab environment but for a production network, you should use an intermediate CA.
Dalam contoh ini, kami menggunakan root CA untuk menandatangani sertifikat server web imajiner secara langsung. Ini bagus untuk lingkungan laboratorium tapi untuk jaringan produksi, anda harus menggunakan CA perantara.


The intermediate CA is another server that signs certificates on behalf of the root CA.
==Intermediate CA, server lain yang menanda tangan certificate a/n root CA.==


The root CA signs the certificate of the intermediate CA. You can then take the root CA offline which reduces the chance of anyone getting their hands on your root private key.
Root CA menandatangani sertifikat CA perantara. Anda kemudian dapat mengambil root CA offline yang mengurangi kemungkinan ada orang yang mendapatkan private key root anda.


Verification
==Verifikasi==


We created some private keys and generated some certificates. Let’s take a closer look at some of our work.
Kami membuat beberapa private key dan menghasilkan beberapa sertifikat. Mari kita lihat lebih dekat beberapa pekerjaan kita.


Here’s the index.txt file:
Ini adalah file index.txt:


  # cat /root/ca/index.txt
  cat /root/ca/index.txt
V      170401090859Z          1234    unknown /C=NL/ST=North-Brabant/O=Networklessons/CN=some_server.networklessons.local/emailAddress=admin@networklessons.local


Above you can see the certificate that we created for our web server. It also shows the serial number that I stored in the serial file. The next certificate that we sign will get another number:
Output:


  # cat /root/ca/serial
  V 180615233008Z 1234 unknown /C=ID/ST=JABAR/O=OnnoCenter/OU=RND/CN=korban.com/emailAddress=onno@korban.com
1235


Let’s take a closer look at the certificates. We can verify them with OpenSSL, but it might be nice to see them on your computer. I’ll use a Windows computer for this.


Windows doesn’t recognize the .PEM file extension so you might want to rename your certificates to .CRT.
Cek serial,


Here’s the root certificate:
cat /root/ca/serial


OpenSSL Root Certificate
Output:


Above you can see the name of our root CA and the validity (10 years). If we want to trust certificates that are signed by our root CA, then we’ll have to install this certificate. Here’s how:
1235
 
OpenSSL install root certificate


Hit the Install Certificate button and you will see this wizard:
Kalau mau iseng, bisa melihat isi file PEM yang dibuat OpenSSL :) ...


openssl user or machine
==Di Sisi Server Penerima Certificate==


It’s up to you if you want to install it for your current user or the entire computer. Click Next to continue:
Kirim 2 file pem di atas, copy ke


openssl trusted root certificate store
/etc/apache2/ssl/testserverkey.pem (private key)
/etc/apache2/ssl/testserver.pem (server certificate)


Make sure you select the Trusted Root Certification Authorities store and click Next and Finish:
Edit


openssl finish install root certificate
vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf


Windows will give you one more big security warning, click Yes to continue:
Ubah


openssl root certificate security warning
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
    <VirtualHost _default_:443>
        ServerAdmin '''onno@indo.net.id'''
        ServerName '''korban.com:443'''
        ServerAlias '''www.korban.com:443'''
        DocumentRoot /var/www/html
        ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
        SSLEngine on
        SSLCertificateFile '''/etc/apache2/ssl/testserver.pem'''
        SSLCertificateKeyFile '''/etc/apache2/ssl/testserverkey.pem'''
        <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                        SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </FilesMatch>
        <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                        SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </Directory>
        BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
                        nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
                        downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
        BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown
    </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>


The root certificate is now installed and trusted. Now open the certificate that we assigned to “some server”:


openssl server certificate trusted
Aktifkan & Restart Apache


Above you can see that it was issued by our root CA, it’s valid for one year. When you look at the certification path then you can see that Windows trusts the certificate:
sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo service apache2 restart


openssl server certification path
==Di sisi client / user yang akan mengakses==


This is looking good. If a web server would present this certificate to your computer, then it will trust it from now on.
Perlu update security Firefox (browser yang digunakan)


   
  Preferences > Advanced > Certificates > View Certificates > Import
Conclusion


You have now learned how to build your own CA using OpenSSL and are ready to sign certificates for your servers, routers, firewalls, clients or any other devices that you have.
Upload file Root CA Certificate


I hope you enjoyed this lesson, if you have any questions feel free to ask!
cacert.pem


==Referensi==


* https://networklessons.com/uncategorized/openssl-certification-authority-ca-ubuntu-server/




==Pranala Menarik==


 
* [[OpenSSL: Install EasyRSA Certificate Authority CA]]
 
==Referensi==
 
* https://networklessons.com/uncategorized/openssl-certification-authority-ca-ubuntu-server/

Latest revision as of 03:02, 7 September 2022

sumber: https://networklessons.com/uncategorized/openssl-certification-authority-ca-ubuntu-server/

Overview

OpenSSL adalah perpustakaan open-source gratis yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk sertifikat digital. Salah satu hal yang dapat Anda lakukan adalah membangun CA Anda sendiri (Certificate Authority).

Selain situs web dan HTTPS, ada beberapa aplikasi / layanan lain yang bisa menggunakan sertifikat digital. Sebagai contoh:

  • VPNs: di samping menggunakan kunci pra-berbagi anda dapat menggunakan sertifikat digital untuk otentikasi.
  • Wireless: WPA 2 enterprise menggunakan sertifikat digital untuk otentikasi klien dan / atau otentikasi server menggunakan PEAP atau EAP-TLS.

Daripada membayar perusahaan seperti Verisign untuk semua sertifikat digital Anda. Ini bisa berguna untuk membangun CA Anda sendiri untuk beberapa aplikasi anda. Dalam pelajaran ini, Anda akan belajar bagaimana membuat CA anda sendiri.

Prerequisites

Sebelum mengkonfigurasi OpenSSL, kita perlu mengkonfigurasi secara benar,

  • hostname
  • FQDN secara
  • waktu (time)
  • tanggal (date)
  • timezone adalah benar.

hostname & FQDN

Cek hostname 

hostname

Contoh Output: 

refserver

Cek FQDN: 

hostname -f

Contoh Output yang perlu di benarkan 

refserver

Perbaiki FQDN 

vi /etc/hosts

Tambahkan pada kalimat, misalnya, 

192.168.0.100   refserver

Menjadi 

192.168.0.100   refserver refserver.onnocenter.or.id

Restart mesin 

shutdown -r now

Verifikasi hostname & FQDN lagi 

hostname

Output: 

refserver

Cek FQDN 

hostname -f

Output: 

refserver.onnocenter.or.id

time

Instalasi 

sudo locale-gen id_ID.UTF-8
apt install ntpdate

Sinkronkan waktu 

ntpdate id.pool.ntp.org

Sinkronkan waktu secara periodik 

apt install ntp

Secara default Ubuntu server akan menggunakan NTP server pool berikut 

cat /etc/ntp.conf | grep ubuntu

pool 0.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 1.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 2.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool 3.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org iburst
pool ntp.ubuntu.com

Kita dapat memverifikasi server mana yang saat ini digunakan menggunakan perintah, 

ntpq -p

     remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
==============================================================================
 0.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
 1.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
 2.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
 3.ubuntu.pool.n .POOL.          16 p    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
 ntp.ubuntu.com  .POOL.          16 p    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
#ntp.uii.net.id  103.1.106.69     2 u   21   64    3   13.424   -0.628   1.944
#mirror2.wowrack 118.143.17.82    2 u   18   64    3    3.371  -33.589   1.009
+182.253.66.202  103.31.225.225   3 u   17   64    3   17.023   -3.330   1.233
-resolv1.axarva. 203.160.128.66   2 u   18   64    3    3.756   -4.204   1.294
+182.253.66.203  203.89.31.13     3 u   13   64    3   18.064   -4.059   1.210
-119.82.243.189  118.143.17.82    2 u   18   64    3   16.169   -2.724   1.366
+203.114.224.31  203.114.224.252  3 u   17   64    3   16.154   -3.313   0.817
#203.114.225.252 203.160.128.66   2 u   16   64    3   15.646   -4.964   1.326
-ns5.datautama.n 203.160.128.66   2 u   16   64    3   16.146   -2.133   1.266
-202.65.114.202  203.160.128.66   2 u   14   64    3   11.969   -0.768   0.573
-45.114.118.90   103.20.91.62     3 u   14   64    3    4.283   -3.204   1.246
*ns1.matrixgloba 203.123.48.219   2 u   15   64    3    3.266   -2.688   0.788
+suro.ubaya.ac.i 203.160.128.66   2 u   14   64    3   17.985   -4.148   1.142
#golem.canonical 17.253.34.125    2 u   18   64    3  272.523   26.441   1.351


Konfigurasi OpenSSL

Edit konfigurasi OpenSSL, 

vi /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf

Carilah bagian berikut ini: 

[ CA_default ]
dir		= ./demoCA

Ubah, menjadi 

[ CA_default ]                                                                                  
dir             = /root/ca

Folder "/root/ca" menjadi tempat menyimpan kunci pribadi dan sertifikat dari CA yang kita buat.

Bagian [policy_match] 

[ policy_match ]
countryName             = match
stateOrProvinceName     = match
organizationName        = match
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

Untuk lingkungan percobaan isa dibuat lebih relax, menjadi misalnya, 

[ policy_match ]
countryName             = match
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
organizationName        = optional
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

Hanya nama negara saja yang harus cocok

Root CA

Membuat private key & root CA certificate. Ini adalah identitas CA.

Lakukan, 

sudo su
mkdir -p /root/ca
cd /root/ca
mkdir -p newcerts certs crl private requests
touch index.txt
echo '1234' > serial

CA pertama yang akan di tanda tangan adalah no '1234'.

Buat private key

cd /root/ca
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/cakey.pem 4096

Output: 

Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
..++
..................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for private/cakey.pem:
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for private/cakey.pem:

Masukan password & INGAT! Jangan sampai LUPA! untuk belajar, pakai password 123456 saja.

Private key adalah 4096 bit dengan enkripsi AES 256 bit, di simpan dalam folder /root/ca/private dengan nama "cakey.pem". Jangan sampai hilang, jangan sampai pindah tangan. Simpan file ini dengan aman, selamanya!

Buat CA Certificate

openssl req -new -x509 -key /root/ca/private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650 -set_serial 0

Output: 

Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:ID
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:DKI
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Jakarta
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:XecureIT
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:RND
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:refserver.onnocenter.or.id
Email Address []:onno@indo.net.id

Root CA Certificate akan di simpan di /root/ca dengan nama "cacert.pem" dan berlaku selama 10 tahun.

Root CA Certificate di sebarkan di Internet, untuk di Import ke Preference Broweser (Firefox dll), agar browser mempercayai certificate yang dibuat oleh RootCA kita.

Membuat Certificate

Root CA kita sekarang sudah bisa aktif dan bisa operasional.

Skenario NORMAL:

  • Semua situs web / perangkat yang membutuhkan certificate (untuk https dll), bisa membuat CSR (Certificate Signing Request).
  • CSR ini dibuat oleh perangkat, di tanda tangan menggunakan private key perangkat.
  • CA akan menanda tangani CSR, dan membuat certificate digital untuk web / perangkat tersebut.


Alternatif lain (untuk ujicoba saja),

  • CA dapat mengatas namakan perangkat / web tersebut.
  • CA membuatkan private key untuk perangkat / web tersebut.
  • CA membuatkan CSR untuk perangkat / web tersebut.
  • CA akan menanda tangai CSR untuk perangkat tersebut.
  • CA akan memberikan private key dan certificate digital ke perangkat.

Untuk ujicoba bisa menggunakan alternatif ke dua yang tidak pusing. Lakukan berikut ini,

Membuat private key testserver 

cd /root/ca/requests/
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out testserverkey.pem 2048

Output: 

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.+++
..................................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:

Untuk belajar, password 123456 saja. Private key-nya adalah 2048 bit dan menggunakan enkripsi AES 256 bit. File "testserverkey.pem"

Membuat CSR testserver 

cd /root/ca/requests
openssl req -new -key testserverkey.pem -out testserver.csr

Output: 

Enter pass phrase for testserverkey.pem:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:ID
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:JABAR
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Bandung
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:OnnoCenter
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:RND
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:korban.com
Email Address []:onno@korban.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:123456
An optional company name []:korban.com


Tanda tangani CSR request tersebut, 

cd /root/ca/requests
openssl ca -in testserver.csr -out testserver.pem

Output: 

Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /root/ca/private/cakey.pem:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 4660 (0x1234)
        Validity
            Not Before: Jun 15 23:30:08 2017 GMT
            Not After : Jun 15 23:30:08 2018 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = ID
            stateOrProvinceName       = JABAR
            organizationName          = OnnoCenter
            organizationalUnitName    = RND
            commonName                = korban.com
            emailAddress              = onno@korban.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment: 
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                A5:A9:35:D3:C5:0E:DF:9B:2A:3B:91:B4:0C:73:AD:49:AF:DB:26:66
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:8F:31:0F:72:8D:92:5B:6B:21:17:2A:CD:A2:15:1A:A0:D4:CB:E5:65 

Certificate is to be certified until Jun 15 23:30:08 2018 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated


Selesai, sekarang pindahkan file, 

cd /root/ca/request
rm testserver.csr
mv testserverkey.pem /root/ca/private/
mv testserver.pem /root/ca/certs/

Certificate "testserver.pem" dan private key "testserverkey.pem" bsa di instalasi di web server anda.

Security

Melindungi CA anda penting. Siapa pun yang memiliki akses ke kunci pribadi CA akan dapat membuat sertifikat yang bisa dipercaya.

Ubah permission, 

# chmod -R 600 /root/ca

Dalam contoh ini, kami menggunakan root CA untuk menandatangani sertifikat server web imajiner secara langsung. Ini bagus untuk lingkungan laboratorium tapi untuk jaringan produksi, anda harus menggunakan CA perantara.

Intermediate CA, server lain yang menanda tangan certificate a/n root CA.

Root CA menandatangani sertifikat CA perantara. Anda kemudian dapat mengambil root CA offline yang mengurangi kemungkinan ada orang yang mendapatkan private key root anda.

Verifikasi

Kami membuat beberapa private key dan menghasilkan beberapa sertifikat. Mari kita lihat lebih dekat beberapa pekerjaan kita.

Ini adalah file index.txt: 

cat /root/ca/index.txt

Output: 

V	180615233008Z		1234	unknown	/C=ID/ST=JABAR/O=OnnoCenter/OU=RND/CN=korban.com/emailAddress=onno@korban.com


Cek serial, 

cat /root/ca/serial

Output: 

1235

Kalau mau iseng, bisa melihat isi file PEM yang dibuat OpenSSL :) ...

Di Sisi Server Penerima Certificate

Kirim 2 file pem di atas, copy ke 

/etc/apache2/ssl/testserverkey.pem (private key)
/etc/apache2/ssl/testserver.pem (server certificate)

Edit 

vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf

Ubah 

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
    <VirtualHost _default_:443>
        ServerAdmin onno@indo.net.id
        ServerName korban.com:443
        ServerAlias www.korban.com:443
        DocumentRoot /var/www/html
        ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
        SSLEngine on
        SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/testserver.pem
        SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/testserverkey.pem
        <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                        SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </FilesMatch>
        <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                        SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </Directory>
        BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
                        nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
                        downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
        BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown
    </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>


Aktifkan & Restart Apache 

sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo service apache2 restart

Di sisi client / user yang akan mengakses

Perlu update security Firefox (browser yang digunakan) 

Preferences > Advanced > Certificates > View Certificates > Import

Upload file Root CA Certificate 

cacert.pem

Referensi


Pranala Menarik

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